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1 - Accusative with infinitive construction 1.1 as an extended direct object with the following types of verbs: Verbs of saying: dico, narrow, refero, affirm, nego, respondeo, scribo … Verbs of believing and perceiving: puto, credo, intellego, sentio, video, arbitror, credo, scio, nescio, spero Verbs of will and desire: volo, nolo, malo, cupio, opto, iubeo Verbs of emotion: gaudeo, laetor, mirror, doleo, angor, aegre fero (with causal quod) [contemporaneity - present infinitive] Puto te errare. Putavi te errare. Thales dixit aquam esse initium rerum. Volo te clementissimum existimari. [precedence - perfect infinitive] Puto te erravisse. Putavi te erravisse. Salvum te advenisse gaudeo. [posteriority - future infinitive] Puto te erraturum esse. Putavi te erraturum esse. Spero te hoc esse adepturum. 1.2 after the following impersonal verbs and phrases: decet, dedecet, oportet, licet, interest, refert, constat, fama est, bonum est [contemporaneity - present infinitive] Oratorem irasci minime decet. [precedence - perfect infinitive] Fama est hostes esse peremptos. [posteriority - future infinitive] Bonum est te venturum esse. |
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2 - indirect question [constructed with the subjunctive following the rules of the sequence of tenses] Indirect questions can be used after verbs of asking, investigating, observing, understanding, thinking and similar actions [Contemporaneity - the subjunctive present or subjunctive imperfect] Interrogo te quid agas. Interrogavi te quid ageres. Quaeris a me num recte faciam. Pater quaesivit a filio velletne secum proficisci. [Precedence - the subjunctive perfect or the subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive] Interrogo te quid egeris. Interrogavi te quid egisses. [Posteriority - the subjunctive present of the periphrastic conjugation or the subjunctive imperfect of the periphrastic conjugation] Interrogo te quid acturus sis. Interrogavi te quid acturus esses. Cupio scire ubi sis hiematurus. |
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3 - clauses with the explicative quod [constructed with the indicative] 3.1 used as extended direct object after verbs and phrases such as: Bene (male) facio, Addo, Mitto, Praetereo Bene mihi evenit quod mittor ad mortem. Bene facis quod me adiuvas. Adde quod perferri litterae non potuerunt. 3.2 used as extended subjects after verbs and phrases such as: Bene (male, opportune) accidit (evenit, fit) Additur, Accedit, Bonum (molest, gratum) est Accessit quod etiam pluere incepit. Bonum est quod ad me venisti. 3.3 explicative quod as an extended appositive with a neuter pronoun in the main clause [called epexegetic] Hoc praestamus maxime feris quod coloquimur inter nos. |
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4 - clauses with the explicative ut [constructed with the subjunctive following the rules of the sequence of tenses] as extended subject of the following verbs and phrases: Accidit ut, Evenit ut, Contingit ut, Fit ut, Fieri potest ut, Mos est ut, Moris est ut, Consuetude est ut Natura fit ut liberi a parentibus amentur. Illa nocte accedit ut esset luna plena. |
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5 - clauses with the objective ut As extended objects after the following verbs: [constructed with the subjunctive present after a principle tense] [constructed with the subjunctive imperfect after a historical tense] 5.1 Verbs of wishing and demanding: Oro, rogo, peto, volo, falgito, postulo Volo ut mihi respondeas. Videant consules ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat. 5.2 verbs of urging: Hortor, moneo, admoneo, suadeo, persuadeo, impero Monui ut tibi consuleres. 5.3 verbs of endeavoring: Curo, consulo, facio, operam do Cura ut valeas. 5.4 verbs of achieving: Consequor, impetro, obtineo, adipiscor Adepti estis ne hostes metueretis. |
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6 - clauses after verbs of fearing [constructed with the subjunctive present after a principal tense] [constructed with the subjunctive imperfect after a historical tense] [if the fear pertains to a time period preceding that of the main verb, the clause is constructed with the subjunctive perfect after a principal tense] [if the fear pertains to a time period preceding that of the main verb, the clause is constructed with thesubjunctive pluperfect after a historical tense] 6.1 introduced by ne if the subject fears that something undesirable may happen, Timeo ne hostes veniant. Timebam ne hostes venirent. Timeo ne hostes venerint. Timebam ne hostes venissent. 6.2 introduced by ne non (/ ut) if the subject fears that something desirable may not happen. Timeo ne non amici veniant. Timeo ut amici veniant. |
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7 - clauses after non dubito quin, nemo dubitat quin [constructed with the subjunctive according to the rules of the sequence of tenses, posteriority is expressed by the periphrastic conjugation] Non dubito quin tu plus provideas. Nemo dubitat quin sis venturus. |
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8 - clauses after verbs of preventing and refusing [constructed with the subjunctive according to the rules of the sequence of tenses] after verbs such as Impedio, recuso, prohibeo, absto 8.1 use an extended object clause introduced by quin (after a negative statement) Nihil impedit quin id facere possimus. 8.2 introduced by ne (after an affirmative statement), Plura ne scribam dolor impedit. 8.3 introduced by quominus (after either a negative or affirmative statement) Quid obstat quominus sis beatus? Te dolor tenuit quominus venires. |
Source: Milena Minkova "Introduction to Latin Prose Composition",
Wimbledon Publishing Company, London:2001.