1) Ut
in exclamatory questions
explicative
objective
temporal
final
consecutive
concessive
comparative
restrictive
=ne non after verbs of fearing
2) ne
objective
after verbs of fearing
after verbs of preventing and refusing
final
concessive
a part of the negative conjunction ne ... quidem
3) cum
temporal
causal
consessive
adversative
4) dum
temporal
introducting conditional-proviso clauses
5) atque (ac)
conpulative conjunction
comparative
6) quin
after non dubito, dubium non est, etc.
after verbs of preventing and refusing
consecutive
7) quod
relative pronoun neuter nomintative and accusative
explicative
causal
restrictive
8) quam
comparative
restrictive
9) quo
relative pronoun masculine and neuter ablative singular
final
10) quoad
temporal
restrictive
11) Relative clauses
attrivutive
causal
final
consecutive
concessive
12) Participle construction
attrivutive
temporal
causal
final
concessive
conditional
(Conjunctions with asterisk require subjunctive mood.)
Conjunctions are the "glue" of a sentence, joining clauses, phrases and words together.
They are divided into two types: coordinating and subordinating.
1) COORDINATING Conjunctions
(which join clauses of equal importance)
1.1 - copulative [and]
et: and,
atque / ac: and in fact,
-que: and,
etiam: also,
quoque: too,
modo ... modo ...: sometimes... sometimes...,
et ... et ...: both .... and ....,
tum ... tum ...: at one time .... at another ....,
cum ... tum ...: not only .... but also ...,
tam ... quam ...: so much .... so ...
1.2 - disjunctive [or]
aut / vel / -ve: or,
sive / seu: or if,
aut ... aut ...: either ... or ...,
vel ... vel ...: either ... or ...,
sive ... sive ...: whether ... or ...
1.3 - adversative [but]
sed: but,
autem: moreover,
verum: but actually,
vero: certainly,
at: on the other hand,
tamen: however,
attamen: nevertheless,
sedtamen: but in fact,
verum tamen: nevertheless,
atqui: and yet,
quidem: at any rate,
immo: or rather,
immo vero: or rather actually,
non solum (modo, tantum) ... sed etiam ...: not only ... but also
1.4 - conclusive [therefore]
igitur: therefore,
Homines perfecti non sunt. Falli igitur possunt.
itaque: accordingly,
Nemo liber ausus est mortuum sepelire. Itaque a servis sepultus est.
ergo: consequently,
Cogito, ergo sum
proinde: therefore,
Eos ferre non possum. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant.
ideo: for this reason,
propterea: therefore,
ob eam rem: accordingly,
ob hanc rem: because of that,
ea de causa: because of that,
quam ob rem: by this reason,
quaproter: and therefore
1.5 - causal [because]
nam: because,
Amici non solum inter se diligunt, sed etiam verentur. Nam sine verecundia vera amicitia esse non potest.
enim: in fact,
Mihi omne tempus est meos ad libros vacuum. Numquam enim illi sunt occupati.
etenim: and as a matter of fact
Verus es amicus. Etenim amicitiam tuam comprobasti.
2) SUBORDINATING Conjunctions
(which join a subordinate clause to a main clause on which it depends for its meaning)
2.1 - temporal [when]
cum: when,
quando: since,
dum: provided that,
donec: until,
quoad: as far as,
antequam / priusquam: before,
postquam: after,
ut: as soon as,
ubi: when,
ut primum / ubi primum / cum primum: as soon as,
simulac / simulatque: as soon as
2.2 - causal [because]
quia / quod / quoniam: because,
Nemo patriam quia magna est amat, sed quia sua.
*cum / *quippe cum: since
Cum id facere non possem, quievi.
2.3 - finality [in order to]
*ut / *quo / *ne / *neve / *quominus: in order to
Ita vixi ut me non frustra natum existimem.
2.4 - consecutive [then]
*ut: then,
*ut non: without,
*quin: but that
2.5 - comparative [like]
ut (uti) / sicut / sicut (sicuti) / velut (veluti) / tamquam (tanquam) /
prout / quoad: like,
*quasi / *quasi vero / *ac (si) / *tamquam (si) / *quasi vero / *velut (si) / *quasi vero / *ut (si): as if
2.6 - conditional [if]
si: if,
sin autem: but if,
si modo: if only,
nisi: unless,
siminus / si non: if not,
dum: while,
dummodo: provided that
2.7 - concessive [although]
quamquam / etsi: althought,
etiam: even if,
*quamvis / *cum / *ut / *licet: althought
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樹欲靜而風不息，子欲養而親不在」
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