LEGES DUODECIM TABULARUM
TWELVE TABLES
《十二銅表法》
| Tabula I | Table I. Proceedings Preliminary to Trial | 第一表: 傳喚 |
| 1. – SI IN IUS VOCAT, ITO. NI IT, ANTESTAMINO : IGITUR EM CAPITO | 1. – If the plaintiff summons the defendant to court the defendant shall go. If the defendant does not go the plaintiff shall call a witness thereto. Only then the plaintiff shall seize the defendant. | 一、原告傳被告出庭，如被告拒絕，原告可邀請第三者作證，扭押同行。 |
| 2. – SI CALVITUR PEDEMVE STRUIT, MANUM ENDO IACITO | 2. – If the defendant attempts evasion or takes flight the plaintiff shall lay hand on him. | 二、如被告托辭不去或企圖逃避，原告有權拘捕之。 |
| 3. – SI MORBUS AEVITASVE VITIUM ESCIT, IUMENTUM DATO. SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO | 3. – If sickness or age is an impediment he who summons the defendant to court shall grant him a vehicle. If he does not wish he shall not spread a carriage with cushions. | 三、如被告因疾病或年老不能出庭，原告應提供交通工具，但除自願外，不必用有篷蓋的車輛。 |
| 4. – ASSIDUO VINDEX ASSIDUUS ESTO ; PROLETARIO IAM CIVI QUIS VOLET VINDEX ESTO | 4. – For a freeholder a freeholder shall be surety ; for a proletary anyone who wishes shall be surety. | 四、如訴訟當事人爲富有者，則擔保其按時出庭的保證人，應爲具有同等財力的人；如爲貧民，則任何人都可充任。 |
| 5. – NEX . . . FORTI SANATI . . . | 5. – There shall be the same right of bond and of conveyance with the Roman people for a steadfast person and for a person restored to allegiance. | |
| 6. – REM UBI PACUNT, ORATO | 6. – When the parties agree on the matter the magistrate shall announce it. | 五、如當事人雙方能自行和解的，則訟爭即認爲解決。 |
| 7. – NI PACUNT, IN COMITIO AUT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAUSSAM COICIUNTO. COM PERORANTO AMBO PRAESENTES | 7. – If they agree not on terms the parties shall state their case before the assembly in the meeting place or before the magistrate in the market place before noon. Both parties being present shall plead the case throughout together. | 六、如當事人不能和解，則雙方應於午前到廣場或會議廳進行訴訟，由長官（magistratus）審理 |
| 8. – POST MERIDIEM PRAESENTI LITEM ADDICITO | 8. – If one of the parties does not appear the magistrate shall adjudge the case, after noon, in favor of the one present. | 七、訴訟當事人一方過了午時仍不到庭的，長官應即判到庭的一方勝訴 |
| 9. – SI AMBO PRAESENTES, SOLIS OCCASUS SUPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO | 9. – If both parties are present sunset shall be the time limit of the proceedings. | 八、日落爲訴訟程序休止的時限 |
| 10. – cum proletarii et adsidui et sanates et VADES et SUBVADES et XXV asses et taliones – evanuerint, omnisque illa XII tabularum antiquitas – lege Aebutia lata consopita sit – | 10. – . . . sureties . . . subsureties . . . with platter and loincloth . . . | 九、保證人應擔保訴訟當事人於受審時按時出庭。 |
| Tabula II | Table II. Trial | 第二表: 審理 |
| 1. – de rebus M aeris plurisve D assibus, de minoris vero L assibus sacramento contendebatur ; nam ita lege XII tabularum cautum erat. [At] si de libertate hominis controversia erat, etiamsi pretiosissimus homo esset, tamen ut L assibus sacramento contenderetur, eadem lege cautum est. | 1 a. – The penal sum in an action by solemn deposit shall be either 500 asses or 50 asses ... It shall be argued by solemn deposit with 500 asses, when the property is valued at 1,000 asses or more, but with 50 asses, when the property is valued at less than 1,000 asses. But if the controversy is about the freedom of a person, although the person may be very valuable, yet the case shall be argued by a solemn deposit of 50 asses. . . . 1 b. – An action by demand for a judex . . . concerning that which is claimed in accordance with a stipulation . . . concerning division of an inheritance among joint heirs. |
一、訴訟標的在一千阿斯(As,羅馬銅幣名，約金衡制一磅)以上的，交誓金500阿斯。標的不滿一千阿斯的，交誓金50阿斯，關於自由身份之訴，不論此人家產的多少，一律交50阿斯。 |
| 2. – . . . MORBUS SONTICUS . . AUT STATUS DIES CUM HOSTE . . QUID HORUM FUIT UNUM IUDICI ARBITROVE REOVE, EO DIES DIFFISSUS ESTO. | 2. – . . . a serious sickness . . . or a day appointed for the hearing of a case with an alien . . . If any of these circumstances is an impediment for the judex or for the arbiter or for either litigant, on that account the day of trial shall be postponed. | 二、審理之日，如遇承審員(judex）、仲裁員或訴訟當事人患重病，或者審判涉及外國人(hoste)……，則應延期審訊。 |
| 3. – CUI TESTIMONIUM DEFUERIT, IS TERTIIS DIEBUS OB PORTUM OBVAGULATUM ITO. | 3. – Whoever needs evidence shall go every third day to shout before the doorway. | 三、???凡需要人證的，應(每第三天)在證人的門前高聲呼喚，通知他在第三個集市日，到庭作證 |
| 四、即使是盜竊案件，亦可進行和解。 | ||
| Tabula III | Table III. Execution of judgment | 第三表: 執行 |
| 1. – AERIS CONFESSI REBUSQUE IURE IUDICATIS XXX DIES IUSTI SUNTO. | 1. – Thirty days shall be allowed by law for payment of confessed debt and for settlement of matters adjudged in court. | 一、對於自己承認或經判決的債務，有三十日的法定寬限期。 |
| 2. – POST DEINDE MANUS INIECTIO ESTO. IN IUS DUCITO. | 2. – After this time the creditor shall have the right of laying hand on the debtor. The creditor shall hale the debtor into court. | 二、期滿，債務人不還債的，債權人得拘捕之，押其到長官前，申請執行。 |
| 3. – NI IUDICATUM FACIT AUT QUIS ENDO EO IN IURE VINDICIT, SECUM DUCITO, VINCITO AUT NERVO AUT COMPEDIBUS XV PONDO, NE MAIORE, AUT SI VOLET MINORE VINCITO. | 3. – Unless the debtor discharges the debt adjudged or unless someone offers surety for him in court the creditor shall take the debtor with him. He shall bind him either with a thong or with fetters of not less than fifteen pounds in weight, or if he wishes he shall bind him with fetters of more than this weight. | 三、此時如債務人仍不清償，又無人爲其擔保，則債權人得將其押至家中拘留，系以皮帶或腳鐐，但重量最多爲十五磅，願減輕者聽便。 |
| 4. – SI VOLET SUO VIVITO. NI SUO VIVIT, QUI EUM VINCTUM HABEBIT, LIBRAS FARRIS ENDO DIES DATO. SI VOLET, PLUS DATO. | 4. – If the debtor wishes he shall live on his own means. If he does not live on his own means the creditor who holds him in bonds shall give him a pound of grits daily. If he wishes he shall give him more. | 四、債務人在拘禁期間，得自備夥食，如無力自備，則債權人應每日供給穀物粉一磅，願多給者聽便。 |
| 5. – Erat autem ius interea paciscendi ac nisi pacti forent, habebantur in vinculis dies sexaginta. Inter eos dies trinis nundinis continuis ad praetorem in comitium producebantur, quantaeque pecuniae iudicati essent, praedicabatur. Tertiis autem nundinis capite poenas dabant, aut trans Tiberim peregre venum ibant. | 5. – . . . Meanwhile they shall have the right to compromise, and unless they make a compromise the debtors shall be held in bonds for sixty days. During these days they shall be brought to the praetor into the meeting place on three successive market days, and the amount for which they have been judged liable shall be declared publicly. Moreover, on the third market day they shall suffer capital punishment or shall be delivered for sale abroad across the Tiber River. | 五、債權人得拘禁債務人六十日。在此期内，債務人仍可謀求和解；如不穫(獲)和解，則債權人應連續在三個集市日將債務人牽至廣場，並高聲宣布所判定的金額。 六、在第三次牽債務人至廣場後，如仍無人代爲清償或保證，債權人得將債務人賣於台伯河(Tiber)外的外國或殺死之。 |
| 6. – TERTIIS NUNDINIS PARTIS SECANTO. SI PLUS MINUSVE SECUERUNT, SE FRAUDE ESTO. | 6. – On the third market day the creditors shall cut shares. If they have cut more or less than their shares it shall be without prejudice. | 七、如債權人有數人時，得分割債務人的肢體進行分配，縱未按債額比例切塊，亦不以爲罪。 |
| 7. – ADVERSUS HOSTEM AETERNA AUCTORITAS [ESTO]. | 八、對叛徒的追訴，永遠有效。 | |
| Tabula IV | Table IV. Paternal Power | 第四表: 家長權 |
| 1. – cito necatus tamquam ex XII tabulis insignis ad deformitatem puer. | 1. – A notably deformed child shall be killed immediately. | 一、對畸形怪狀的嬰兒，應即殺之。 |
| 2. – SI PATER FILIUM TER VENUM DUUIT, FILIUS A PATRE LIBER ESTO. | 2 a. – To a father . . . shall be given over a son the power of life and death. 2 b. – If a father thrice surrenders a son for sale the son shall be free from the father. |
二、家屬終身在家長權的支配下。家長得監察之、毆打之、使作苦役，甚至出賣之或殺死之；縱使子孫擔任了國家高級公職的亦同。 三、家長如三次出賣其子的，該子即脱離家長權而穫(獲)得解放 |
| 3. – Illam suam suas res sibi habere iussit ex XII tab., claves ademit, exegit. | 3. – To repudiate his wife her husband shall order her . . . to have her own property for herself, shall take the keys, shall expel her. | 四、夫得向妻索回鑰匙，令其隨帶自身物件，將其逐出 |
| 4. – comperi, feminam – in undecimo mense post mariti mortem peperisse, factumque esse negotium – quasi marito mortuo postea concepisset, quoniam Xviri in decem mensibus gigni hominem, non in undecimo scripsissent. | 4. – A child born within ten months of the father's death shall enter into the inheritance . . . | 五、嬰兒自父死後十個月内出生的，推定其爲婚生子女。 |
| Tabula V | Table V. Inheritance and Guardianship | 第五表: 繼承和監護 |
| 1. – Veteres – voluerunt feminas, etiamsi perfectae aetatis sint, – in tutela esse ; – exceptis virginibus Vestalibus, quas – liberas esse voluerunt : itaque etiam lege XII tab. cautum est. | 1. – . . . Women, even though they are of full age, because of their levity of mind shall be under guardianship . . . except vestal virgins, who . . . shall be free from guardianship . . . | 一、除維斯塔(Vesta)貞女外，婦女終身受監護 |
| 2. – Mulieris, quae in agnatorum tutela erat, res mancipii usucapi non poterant, praeterquam si ab ipsa tutore [auctore] traditae essent : id[que] ita lege XII tab. [cautum erat]. | 2. – The conveyable possessions of a woman who is under guardianship of male agnates shall not be acquired by prescriptive right unless they are transferred by the woman herself with the authorization of her guardian . . . | 二、在族親監護下的婦女，其所有要式移轉物(可動產)(res mancipii)不適用時效的規定(從使用期而來的法定權力)；但婦女轉讓其物時，曾取得監護人同意的，不在此限。 |
| 3. – UTI LEGASSIT SUPER PECUNIA TUTELAVE SUAE REI, ITA IUS ESTO. | 3. – According as a person has made bequest regarding his personal property or the guardianship of his estate so shall be the law. | 三、凡以遺囑處分自己的財產，或對其家屬指定監護人的，具有法律上的效力。 |
| 4. – SI INTESTATO MORITUR, CUI SUUS HERES NEC ESCIT, ADGNATUS PROXIMUS FAMILIAM HABETO. | 4. – If anyone who has no direct heir dies intestate the nearest male agnate shall have the estate. | 四、死者未立遺囑；又無當然繼承人(heredes sui)，其遺產由最近的族親繼承。 |
| 5. – SI ADGNATUS NEC ESCIT, GENTILES FAMILIAM HABENTO. | 5. – If there is not a male agnate the male clansmen shall have the estate. | 五、如無族親時，由宗親(gentiles)繼承。 |
| 6. – Quibus testamento – tutor datus non sit, iis ex lege XII [tabularum] agnati sunt tutores. | 6. – Persons for whom by will . . . a guardian is not given, for them . . . their male agnates shall be guardians. | 六、遺囑未指定監護人時，由族親爲法定監護人。 |
| 7. a. – SI FURIOSUS ESCIT, ADGNATÛM GENTILIUMQUE IN EO PECUNIAQUE EIUS POTESTAS ESTO. | 7 a. – If a person is insane authority over him and his personal property shall belong to his male agnates and in default of these to his male clansmen. | 七、精神病人(furiosus)因無保佐人時，對其身體和財產由族親保護之；無族親時由宗親保護之。 |
| 7. b. – . . . AST EI CUSTOS NEC ESCIT . . | 7 b. – . . . but if there is not a guardian for him . . . | |
| 7. c. – Lege XII tab. prodigo interdicitur bonorum suorum administratio. | 7 c. – . . . Administration of his own goods shall be forbidden to a spendthrift. . . . A spendthrift, who is forbidden from administering his own goods, shall be . . . under guardianship of his male agnates. | 浪費人(prodigus)不得管理其財產，應由其族親爲他的保佐人。 |
| 8. – Civis Romani liberti hereditatem lex XII tab. patrono defert, si intestato sine suo herede libertus decesserit. Cum de patrono et liberto loquitur lex, EX EA FAMILIA, inquit, IN EAM FAMILIAM. | 8. – If a Roman citizen freedman dies intestate without a direct heir, to his patron shall fall the inheritance . . . from said household . . . into said household. | 八、穫(獲)釋奴(libertus)未立遺囑而死亡時，如無當然繼承人，其遺產歸恩主所有。 |
| 9. – Ea, quae in nominibus sunt, – ipso iure in portiones hereditarias ex lege XII tab. divisa sunt. Ex lege XII tab. aes alienum hereditarium pro portionibus quaesitis singulis ipso iure divisum. | 9. – Those items that are in the category of accounts due to the deceased . . . shall be divided among the heirs by ordinary operation of law in proportion to their shares of the inheritance. . . . Debts of the estate of a deceased shall be divided, according to law, among the heirs, proportionally to the share of the inheritance that each acquires. | 九、被繼承人的債權和債務，由各繼承人按其應繼分的比例分配之。 |
| 10. – Haec actio (familiae erciscundae) proficiscitur e lege XII tabularum. | 10. – . . . Action for division of an estate shall be available for joint heirs wishing to withdraw from common and equal participation . . . | 十、遺產的分割，按遺產分析訴處理。 |
| 十一、以遺囑解放奴隸而以支付一定金額給繼承人爲條件的，則該奴隸在付足金額後，即取得自由；如該奴隸已被轉讓，則在付給讓受人以該金額後，亦即取得自由。 | ||
| Tabula VI | Table VI. Ownership and Possession | 第六表: 所有權和占有 |
| 1. – CUM NEXUM FACIET MANCIPIUMQUE, UTI LINGUA NUNCUPASSIT, ITA IUS ESTO. | 1. – When a person makes bond and conveyance, according as he specified with his tongue so shall be the law. | 一、凡依"現金借貸"(nexum)或"要式買賣"(mancipium)的方式締結契約的，其所用的語言即爲當事人的法律 |
| 2. – cum ex XII tab. satis esset ea praestari, quae essent lingua nuncupata, quae qui infitiatus esset, dupli poenam subiret, a iuris consultis etiam reticentiae poena est constituta. | 2. – . . . It shall be sufficient to make good those faults that have been named by his tongue, while for those flaws that he has denied expressly, when questioned about them, the vendor shall undergo a penalty of double damages . . . | 二、凡主張曾締結"現金借貸"或"要式買賣"契約的，負擧證之責；締結上述契約後又否認的，處以雙倍於標的的罰金。 |
| 3. – usus auctoritas fundi biennium est, – ceterarum rerum omnium – annuus est usus. | 3. – Warranty of prescriptive right in land shall be for two years to acquire ownership. . . . Of all other things . . . prescriptive right shall be for one year to acquire ownership. | 三、使用土地的取得時效爲二年，其他物品爲一年。 |
| 4. – lege XII tab. cautum est, ut si qua nollet eo modo (usu) in manum mariti convenire, ea quotannis trinoctio abesset atque eo modo |
5. – . . . If any woman is unwilling to be subjected in this manner to her husband's marital control she shall absent herself for three successive nights in every year and by this means shall interrupt his prescriptive right of each year. | 四、妻不願依一年使用時效而締結有夫權婚姻的，則應每年連續外宿三夜以中斷時效的完成。 |
| 4. – Against an alien a warranty of ownership or of prescriptive right shall be valid forever. | 五、外國人永遠不能因使用而取得羅馬市民財產的所有權。 | |
| 5. a. – SI QUI IN IURE MANUM CONSERUNT. . . | 6 a. – If the parties join their hands on the disputed property when pleading in court . . . | 六 a、於訴訟進行中，在長官前對物的所有權有爭議時，應裁定該物歸事實上的占有者，或認爲合適的人暫行占有。 |
| 5. b. – et mancipationem et in iure cessionem lex XII tab. confirmat. | 6 b. – Both conveyance and surrender in court . . . shall be confirmed. | 六 b、有關自由身份之訴，應裁定由主張該人爲自由人的一方占有所爭的對象 |
| 七、出賣的物品縱經交付，非在買受人付清價款或提供擔保以滿足出賣人的要求後，其所有權並不移轉。 | ||
| 八、凡依"要式賣買"或"擬訴棄權"(cessio in jure)的方式轉讓物品的，具有法律上的效力 | ||
| 6. – Advocati (Verginiae) – postulant, ut (Ap. Claudius) – lege ab ipso lata vindicias det secundum libertatem. | 7. – . . . Interim possession shall be granted in favor of liberty. | |
| 7. – LIGNUM IUNCTUM AEDIBUS VINEAVE ET CONCAPIT NE SOLVITO. | 九、凡以他人的木材建築房屋或支搭葡萄架的，木料所有人不得擅自拆毁而取回其木料。 | |
| 8. – Lex XII tab. neque solvere permittit tignum furtivum aedibus vel vineis iunctum neque vindicare, – sed in eum, qui convictus est iunxisse, in duplum dat actionem. | 8. – One shall not take from framework timber fixed in buildings or in vineyard . . . One shall be permitted neither to remove nor to claim stolen timber fixed in buildings or in vineyards, . . . but against the person who is convicted of having fixed such timber there an action for double damages shall be given. | 十、但在上述情況下，可對改用他人木料者，提起賠償雙倍於木料價金之訴。 |
| 9. – . . QUANDOQUE SARPTA, DONEC DEMPTA ERUNT . . . | 9. – . . . Whenever the vines are pruned, until the timbers are removed . . . | 十一、在木料和建築物已分離，或作葡萄架的柱子已從地中拔出後，則原所有人有權取回。 |
| Tabula VII | Table VII. Real Property | 第七表: 土地和房屋(相鄰關係) |
| 1. – XII tabularum interpretes ambitum parietis circuitum esse describunt. – Ambitus – dicitur circuitus aedificiorum, patens – pedes duos et semissem. – Sestertius duos asses et semissem (valet), – lex – XII tab. argumento est, in qua duo pedes et semis ‘sestertius pes’ vocatur. | 1. – . . . Clearance shall be two and one-half feet . . . | 一、建築物的周圍應用二尺半寬的空地，以便通行。 |
| 2. – Sciendum est in actione finium regundorum illud observandum esse, quod (in XII tab.) ad exemplum quodammodo eius legis scriptum est, quam Athenis Solonem dicitur tulisse. Nam illic ita est : Ἑάν τις αίμασιάν κτλ. | 2. – . . . in an action for regulating boundaries . . . | 二、凡在自己的土地和鄰地之間築籬笆的，不得越過自己土地的界限；築圍牆的應留空地一尺；挖溝的應留和溝深相同的空地；掘井的應留空地六尺；栽種橄欖樹和無花果樹的，應留空地九尺；其他樹木留五尺。 |
| 3. a. – In XII tab. – nusquam nominatur villa, semper in significatione ea ‘hortus’, in horti vero ‘heredium’. | 3 a. – . . . inclosure . . . inherited plot . . . | 三、有關園子……祖產… |
| 3. b. – [Tugu]ria a tecto appellantur [domicilia rusticorum] sordida, – quo nomine [Messalla in explana]tione XII ait etiam . . . [signifi]cari. | 3 b. – . . . cottages . . . | …穀倉……的規定(原文有缺漏)。 |
| 4. – usus capionem XII tab. intra V pedes esse noluerunt. | 4. – Ownership by prescriptive right . . . shall not be within five feet. | 四、相鄰田地之間，應留空地五尺，以便通行和犁地，該空地不適用時效的規定(從使用期而來的法定權力)。 |
| 5. a. – SI IURGANT . . . | 5 a. – If they disagree . . . | 五、疆界發生爭執時， |
| 5. b. – controversia est nata de finibus, in qua – e XII tres arbitri fines regemus. | 5 b. – . . . Three arbiters shall regulate boundaries . . . | 由長官委任仲裁員三人解決之。 |
| 6. – Viae latitudo ex lege XII tab. in porrectum octo pedes habet, in anfractum, id est ubi flexum est, sedecim. | 6. – The width of a road . . . shall be eight feet on a straight stretch, on a bend . . . sixteen feet. | 六、在他人土地上有通行權的，其道路寬度，直向爲八尺，轉彎處爲十六尺。 |
| 7. – VIAM MUNIUNTO : NI SAM DELAPIDASSINT, QUA VOLET IUMENTO AGITO. | 7. – They shall build and repair the road : unless they keep it free from stones one shall drive one's beast or carriage where one wishes. | 七、如供役地人未將道路保持在可供通行的狀態時，則有通行權者得把運貨車通過他認爲適宜的地方。 |
| 8. a. – SI AQUA PLUVIA NOCET, . . . | 8 a. – If rain water damages . . . | |
| 8. b. – Si per publicum locum rivus aquae ductus privato nocebit, erit actio privato ex lege XII tab., ut noxa domino sarciatur. | 8 b. – If a watercourse conducted through a public place does damage to a private person the said person shall have the right to bring an action . . . that security against damage may be given to the owner. | 八、用人爲的方法變更自然水流，以致他人財產遭受損害時，受害人得訴諸賠償。 |
| 9. a. – lex XII tab. efficere voluit, ut XV pedes altius rami arboris circumcidantur. | 9 a. – . . . Branches of a tree shall be pruned all around to a height of fifteen feet. | 九、樹枝越界的，應修剪至離地十五尺，使樹陰不至影響鄰地； |
| 9. b. – Si arbor ex vicini fundo vento inclinata in tuum fundum sit, ex lege XII tab. de adimenda ea recte agere potes. | 9 b. – If a tree from a neighbor's farm has been felled by the wind over one's farm, . . . one rightfully can take legal action for that tree to be removed. | 如樹木因風吹傾斜於鄰地，鄰地所有人亦可訴諸處理； |
| 10. – Cautum est – lege XII tab., ut glandem in alienum fundum procidentem liceret colligere. | 10. – . . . It shall be lawful to gather fruit falling upon another's farm. | 十、橡樹的果實落於鄰地時，得入鄰地拾取之。 |
| 11. – Venditae – et traditae (res) non aliter emptori adquiruntur, quam si is venditori pretium solverit vel alio modo satisfecerit, veluti expromissore aut pignore dato ; quod cavetur – lege XII tab. | 11. – Articles sold . . . and delivered shall not be acquired by the purchaser, unless he pays the price to the seller or in some other way satisfies the seller, as, for example, by giving a surety or a pledge . . . | |
| 12. – Sub hac condicione liber esse iussus ‘si decem milia heredi dederit’, etsi ab herede abalienatus sit, emptori dando pecuniam ad libertatem perveniet : idque lex XII tab. iubet. | 12. – A slave is ordered in a will to be a free man under this condition : " if he has given 10,000 asses to the heir " ; although the slave has been alienated by the heir, yet the slave by giving the said money to the buyer shall enter into his freedom. . . | |
| Tabula VIII | Table VIII. Torts or Delicts | 第八表: 私犯 |
| 1. a. – QUI MALUM CARMEN INCANTASSIT . . . | 1 a. – Whoever enchants by singing an evil incantation . . . | 一、以文字誹謗他人，或公然歌唱侮辱他人的歌詞的，處死刑。 |
| 1. b. – XII tab. cum perpaucas res capite sanxissent, in his hanc quoque sanciendam putaverunt : si quis occentavisset sive carmen condidisset, quod infamiam faceret flagitiumve alteri. | 1 b. – . . . If anyone sings or composes an incantation that can cause dishonor or disgrace to another . . . he shall suffer a capital penalty. | |
| 2. – SI MEMBRUM RUP(S)IT, NI CUM EO PACIT, TALIO ESTO. | 2. – If anyone has broken another's limb there shall be retaliation in kind unless he compounds for compensation with him. | 二、毁傷他人肢體而不能和解的，他人亦得依同態複仇而"毁傷其形體" |
| 3. – MANU FUSTIVE SI OS FREGIT LIBERO, CCC, SI SERVO, CL POENAM SUBITO. | 3. – . . . If a person breaks a bone of a freeman with hand or by club, he shall undergo a penalty of 300 asses ; or of 150 asses, if of a slave. | 三、摺斷自由人一骨的，處300阿斯的罰金；如被害人爲奴隸，處150阿斯的罰金。 |
| 4. – SI INIURIAM FAXSIT, VIGINTI QUINQUE POENAE SUNTO. | 4. – If one commits an outrage against another the penalty shall be twenty-five asses. | 四、對人施行其他強暴行爲的，處25阿斯的罰金。 |
| 5. – . . . RUP[S]IT . . . SARCITO. | 5. – . . . One has broken . . . One shall make amends. | 五、對他人的偶然侵害，應負賠償責任。 |
| 6. – Si quadrupes pauperiem fecisse dicetur, – lex (XII tab.) voluit aut dari id quod nocuit – aut aestimationem noxiae offerri. | 6. – If a quadruped is said to have caused damage an action shall lie therefor . . . either for surrendering that which did the damage to the aggrieved person . . . or for offering an assessment of the damage. | 六、牲畜損害他人的，由其所有人負賠償責任，或將該牲畜交與被害人。 |
| 7. – Si glans ex arbore tua in meum fundum cadat, eamque ego immisso pecore depascam, – neque ex lege XII tab. de pastu pecoris, quia non in tuo pascitur, neque de pauperie – agi posse. | 7. – If fruit from your tree falls onto my farm and if I feed my flock off it by letting the flock onto it . . . no action can lie against me either on the statute concerning pasturage of a flock, because it is not being pastured on your land, or on the statute concerning damage caused by an animal . . . | 七、讓自己的牲畜在他人田中吃食，應負賠償責任；但如他人的果實落在自己的田中而被牲畜吃掉的，則不需負責。 |
| 8. a. – QUI FRUGES EXCANTASSIT. | 8 a. – Whoever enchants away crops . . . | 八、不得以蠱術損害他人的莊稼； |
| 8. b. – . . NEVE ALIENAM SEGETEM PELLEXERIS . . . . | 8 b. – . . . Nor shall one lure away another's grain . . . | 不得擅自把一地的莊稼移置他地……。 |
| 9. – Frugem – aratro quaesitam noctu pavisse ac secuisse puberi XII tabulis capital erat, suspensumque Cereri necari iubebant, – inpubem praetoris arbitratu verberari noxiamve duplionemve decerni. | 9. – If anyone pastures on or cuts by night another's crops obtained by cultivation the penalty for an adult shall be capital punishment and, after having been hung up, death as a sacrifice to Ceres . . . A person below the age of puberty at the praetor's decision shall be scourged and shall be judged as a person either to be surrendered to the plaintiff for damage done or to pay double damages. | 九、在夜間竊取耕地的莊稼或放牧的，如爲適婚人，則處死以祭穀神；如爲未適婚人，則由長官酌情鞭打，並處以賠償雙倍於損害的罰金。 |
| 10. – Qui aedes acervumve frumenti iuxta domum positum combusserit, vinctus verberatus igni necari (XII tab.) iubetur, si modo sciens prudensque id commiserit ; si vero casu, id est neglegentia, aut noxiam sarcire iubetur, aut, si minus idoneus sit, levius castigatur. | 10. – Whoever destroys by burning a building or a stack of grain placed beside a house . . . shall be bound, scourged, burned to death, provided that knowingly and consciously he has committed this crime ; but if this deed is by accident, that is, by negligence, either he shall repair the damage or if he is unable he shall be corporally punished more lightly. | 十、燒毁房屋或堆放在房屋附近的穀物堆的，如屬故意，則捆綁而鞭打之，然後將其燒死；如爲過失，則責令賠償損失，如無力賠償，則從輕處罰。 |
| 11. – cautum – est XII tabulis, ut qui iniuria cecidisset (succidendi vocabulo lex usa est) alienas (arbores), lueret in singulas aeris XXV. | 11. – Whoever fells unjustly another's trees shall pay twenty-five asses for each tree. | 十一、不法砍伐他人樹木的，每棵處以25阿斯的罰金。 |
| 12. – SI NOX FURTUM FAXSIT, SI IM OCCISIT, IURE CAESUS ESTO. | 12. – If a thief commits a theft by night, if the owner kills the thief, the thief shall be killed lawfully. | 十二、夜間行竊，如當場被殺，應視將其殺死爲合法。 |
| 13. – LUCI . . . SI SE TELO DEFENDIT, . . . ENDOQUE PLORATO. | 13. – By daylight . . . if a thief defends himself with a weapon . . . and the owner shall shout. | 十三、白日行竊，除用武器拒捕外，不得殺之。 |
| 14. – Ex ceteris – manifestis furibus liberos verberari addicique iusserunt (Xviri) ei, cui furtum factum esset – ; servos – verberibus affici et e saxo praecipitari ; sed pueros impuberes praetoris arbitratu verberari voluerunt noxiamque – sarciri. | 14. – In the case of all other . . . thieves caught in the act freemen shall be scourged and shall be adjudged as bondsmen to the person against whom the theft has been committed provided that they have done this by daylight and have not defended themselves with a weapon ; slaves caught in the act of theft . . . shall be whipped with scourges and shall be thrown from the rock ; but children below the age of puberty shall be scourged at the praetor's decision and the damage done by them shall be repaired. | 十四、現行竊盜被捕，處笞刑後交被竊者處理；如爲奴隸，處笞刑後投塔爾佩歐(Tarpeio)岩下摔死。如爲未適婚人，由長官酌處笞刑，並責令賠 償損失。 |
| 15. a. – Concepti et oblati (furti) poena ex lege XII tab. tripli est (Gaius, 3, 191 ; Cf. Gaius 3, 186. 187). | 15 a. – The penalty for detected and planted theft shall be triple damages . . . | 十五、正式蒐查贓物時，蒐查人應赤身光體，僅以亞麻布圍腰，雙手捧一盤。凡以正式方式在竊贼家蒐出贓物的，以現行盜竊罪論處；如以非正式方式蒐出或在他處查穫(獲)的，則處盜竊者三倍於髒物的罰金。 |
| 15. b. – . . . LANCE ET LICIO . . . . | 15 b. – . . . by platter and by loincloth . . . | |
| 16. – SI ADORAT FURTO, QUOD NEC MANIFESTUM ERIT – , [DUPLIONE DAMNUM DECIDITO]. | 16. – If a person prosecutes for theft which is not of the type wherein the thief is caught in the act ... the thief shall settle the loss by paying double damages. | 十六、對非現行盜竊提起的訴訟，僅得處盜竊者兩倍於贓物的罰金。 |
| 17. – Furtivam (rem) lex XII tab. usucapi prohibet. | 17. – Title to a stolen article . . . shall not be acquired by prescriptive right . . . | 十七、對盜竊的物件，不適用取得時效的規定(從使用期而來的法定權力)。 |
| 18. a. – XII tabulis sanctum, ne quis unciario fenore amplius exerceret. | 18 a. – . . . No person shall practice usury at a rate of more than one twelfth . . . | 十八、利息不得超過一分(uncia)，超過的，處高利貸者四倍於超過額的罰金。 |
| 18. b. – Maiores – in legibus posiverunt furem dupli condemnari, feneratorem quadrupli (Cato, de agri cult. praef.). | 18 b. – . . . A thief shall be condemned for double damages and a usurer for quadruple damages. | |
| 19. – Ex causa depositi lege XII tab. in duplum actio datur.. | 19. – From a suit about an article deposited . . . an action for double damages shall be given. | 十九、受寄人不忠實的，處以雙倍於所致損害的罰金。 |
| 20. a. – Sciendum est suspecti crimen e lege XII tab. descendere. | 20 a. – If guardians are suspect in their administration there shall be the right to accuse them as such . . . | 二十、監護人不忠實的，任何人都有權訴請撤換；其侵吞受監護人財產的，處以雙倍於該財產的罰金。 |
| 20. b. – Si – tutores rem pupilli furati sunt, videamus an ea actione, quae proponitur ex lege XII tab. adversus tutorem in duplum, singuli in solidum teneantur. | 20 b. – If . . . guardians steal a ward's property . . . there shall be an action . . . against a guardian for double damages ; each guardian shall be held for the entire sum. | |
| 21. – PATRONUS SI CLIENTI FRAUDEM FECERIT, SACER ESTO. | 21. – If a patron defrauds a client he shall be accursed. | 二十一、恩主詐騙被保護人(clientes)的，"應作祭神的犧牲品"(原文爲sacer esto)。 |
| 22. – QUI SE SIERIT TESTARIER LIBRIPENSVE FUERIT, NI TESTIMONIUM FATIATUR. INPROBUS INTESTABILISQUE ESTO. | 22. – Unless he speaks his testimony whoever allows himself to be called as a witness or is a scales-bearer shall be dishonored and incompetent to give or obtain testimony. | 二十二、法律行爲中的證人或司秤，如事後拒絕作證的，即爲"不名譽者"，從此喪失作證的資格，亦不得請他人爲之作證。 |
| 23. – ex XII tab. – si nunc quoque – qui falsum testimonium dixisse convictus esset, e saxo Tarpeio deiceretur. | 23. – . . . Whoever is convicted of speaking false witness shall be flung from the Tarpeian Rock. | 二十三、作偽證的，投於塔爾佩歐岩下摔死。 |
| 24. a. – SI TELUM MANU FUGIT MAGIS QUAM IECIT, aries subicitur. | 24 a. – If a weapon has sped accidentally from one's hand, rather than if one has aimed and hurled it, to atone for the deed a ram is substituted as a peace offering to prevent blood revenge. | 二十四、殺人者處死刑；過失致人於死的，應以公羊一隻祭神，以代本人。 |
| 24. b. – Frugem – furtim – pavisse – XII tabulis capital erat – gravius quam in homicidio. | 24 b. – If anyone pastures on or cuts stealthily by night . . . another's crops . . . the penalty shall be capital punishment, and, after having been hung up, death as a sacrifice to Ceres, a punishment more severe than in homicide. | |
| 25. – Qui venenum dicit, adicere debet, utrum malum an bonum ; nam et medicamenta venena sunt. | 25. – . . . for administering a drug. | 二十五、施魔法或以毒藥殺人的，處死刑。 |
| 26. – XII tab. cautum esse cognoscimus, ne qui in urbe coetus nocturnos agitaret. | 26. – . . . No person shall hold nocturnal meetings in the City. | 二十六、夜間在城市擧(舉)行擾亂治安的集會的，處死刑。 |
| 27. – His (sodalibus) potestatem facit lex (XII tab.), pactionem quam velint sibi ferre, dum ne quid ex publica lege corrumpant ; sed haec lex videtur ex lege Solonis translata esse. | 27. – These guild members shall have the power . . . to make for themselves any rule that they may wish provided that they impair no part of the public law . . . | 二十七、士兵或其他社團的成員，得訂立其組織的章程，但以不違背法律爲限。 |
| Tabula IX | Table IX. Public Law | 第九表: 公法 |
| 1-2. – ‘Privilegia ne inroganto ; de capite civis nisi per maximum comitiatum – ne ferunto’. – Leges praeclarissimae de XII tabulis tralatae duae, quarum altera privilegia tollit, altera de capite civis rogari nisi maximo comitiatu vetat. | 1/2. – Laws of personal exception shall not be proposed. Laws concerning capital punishment of a citizen shall not be passed . . . except by the Greatest Assembly . . . | 一、不得爲任何個人的利益，制定特别的法律。 二、對剝奪一人的生命、自由和國籍的判決，是專屬百人團大會(Comitia Centuriata)的權力。 |
| 3. – duram esse legem putas, quae iudicem arbitrumve iure datum, qui ob rem [iu]dic[a]ndam pecuniam accepisse convictus est, capite poenitur ? | 3. – A judex or an arbiter legally appointed who has been convicted of receiving money for declaring a decision shall be punished capitally. | 三、經長官委任的承審員或仲裁員，在執行職務中收受賄賂的，處死刑。 |
| 4. – Quaestores – qui capitalibus rebus praeessent, – appellabantur quaestores parricidii, quorum etiam meminit lex XII tab. | 4. – . . . the investigators of murder . . . who have charge over capital cases . . . | 四、執行死刑時由刑事事務官監場。對一切刑事判決不服的，有權上訴。 |
| 5. – Lex XII tab. iubet eum, qui hostem concitaverit quive civem hosti tradiderit, capite puniri. | 5. – . . . Whoever incites a public enemy or whoever betrays a citizen to a public enemy shall be punished capitally. | 五、凡煽動敵人反對自己的國家，或把市民獻給敵人的，處死刑。 |
| 6. – Interfici – indemnatum quemcunque hominem etiam XII tabularum decreta vetuerunt. | 6. – For anyone whomsoever to be put to death without a trial and unconvicted . . . is forbidden. | 六、任何人非經審判，不得處死刑。 |
| Tabula X | Table X. Sacred Law | 第十表: 宗教法 |
| 1. – HOMINEM MORTUUM IN URBE NE SEPELITO NEVE URITO. | 1. – A dead person shall not be buried or burned in the City. | 一、不得在市區内埋葬或焚化屍體。 |
| 2. – . . . HOC PLUS NE FACITO : ROGUM ASCEA NE POLITO. | 2. – . . . More than this one shall not do : one shall not smooth a funeral pyre with an ax. | 二、對喪事不宜過份鋪張……，火葬用的木柴，不得用斧削光。 |
| 3. – Extenuato igitur sumptu tribus reciniis et tunicula purpurae et decem tibicinibus tollit etiam lamentationem. | 3. – . . . Expenses of a funeral shall be limited to three mourners wearing veils and one mourner wearing an inexpensive purple tunic and ten flutists. . . . | 三、埋葬或火化時，死者的喪衣以三件爲限，紫色的以一件爲限，奏樂的人以十名爲限。 |
| 4. – MULIERES GENAS NE RADUNTO, NEVE LESSUM FUNERIS ERGO HABENTO. | 4. – Women shall not tear their cheeks or shall not make a sorrowful outcry on account of a funeral. | 四、出喪時，婦女不得抓面毁容，也不得無節制地嚎哭。 |
| 5. a. – HOMINE MORTUO NE OSSA LEGITO, QUO POST FUNUS FACIAT. | 5 a. – A dead person's bones shall not be collected that one may make a second funeral. | 五、不得收集死者的骸骨爲之擧(舉)行葬禮， |
| 5. b. – Excipit bellicam peregrinamque mortem. | 5 b. – An exception is for death in battle and on foreign soil. | 但死於戰場或異邦的，不在此限。 |
| 6. a. – Haec praeterea sunt in legibus – : ‘servilis unctura tollitur omnisque circumpotatio’. – : ‘Ne sumptuosa respersio, ne longae coronae, ne acerrae’. | 6 a. – . . . Anointing by slaves is abolished and every kind of drinking bout . . . there shall be no costly sprinkling, no long garlands, no incense boxes . . . | 六、禁止：對奴隸的屍體用香料防腐；擧(舉)行喪事宴會、奢侈地灑聖水、長行列的花環、用香鑪焚香。 |
| 6. b. – Murrata potione usos antiquos indicio est, quod – XII tab. cavetur, ne mortuo indatur. | 6 b. – . . . A myrrh-spiced drink . . . shall not be poured on a dead person. | |
| 7. – QUI CORONAM PARIT IPSE PECUNIAVE EIUS |
7. – Whoever wins a crown himself or by his property, by honor, or by valor, the crown is bestowed on him at his burial . . . | 七、如果死者本人或其奴隸和馬，因受獎而穫(獲)得的花環，則在喪禮期間，准死者或其親屬佩戴。 |
| 八、不得爲一人擧(舉)行二次喪禮，亦不得爲他備置兩付棺木。 | ||
| 8. – . . . NEVE AURUM ADDITO. AT CUI AURO DENTES IUNCTI ESCUNT. AST IM CUM ILLO SEPELIET URETVE, SE FRAUDE ESTO. | 8. – . . . Nor gold shall be added to a corpse. But if anyone buries or burns a corpse that has gold dental work it shall be without prejudice. | 九、死者不得有金飾隨葬，但如牙齒是用金鑲的，准其隨同火化或埋葬。 |
| 9. – rogum bustumve novum vetat propius LX pedes adigi aedes alienas invito domino. | 9. – It is forbidden . . . to build a new pyre or a burning mound nearer than sixty feet to another's building without the owner's consent. | 十、非經所有人同意，不得在離其房屋六十尺以内進行火葬或挖造墳墓。 |
| 10. – forum – bustumve usucapi vetat. | 10. – It is forbidden to acquire by prescriptive right a vestibule of a sepulcher or a burning mound. | 十一、墓地及墳墓周圍的餘地，不適用取得時效的規定(從使用期而來的法定權力)。 |
| Tabula XI | Table XI. Supplementary Laws | 第十一表: 前五表的補充 |
| 1. – (Decemviri) cum X tabulas summa legum aequitate prudentiaque conscripsissent, in annum posterum Xviros alios subrogaverunt, – qui duabus tabulis iniquarum legum additis – conubia – ut ne plebi cum patribus essent, inhumanissima lege sanxerunt. | 1. – . . . There shall not be intermarriage between plebeians and patricians . . . | 一、平民和貴族，不得通婚。 |
| 2. – Tuditanus refert, – Xviros, qui decem tabulis duas addiderunt, de intercalando populum rogasse. Cassius eosdem scribit auctores. | 2. – . . . regulations concerning intercalation . . . | |
| 3. – E quibus (libris de rep.) unum ἱστορικὸν requiris de Cn. Flavio Anni f. – Ille vero ante Xviros non fuit. – Quid ergo profecit, quod protulit fastos ? Occultatam putant quodam tempore istam tabulam, ut dies agendi peterentur a paucis. | 3. – . . . regulations concerning days permissible for official legal action . . . | |
| Tabula XII | Table XII. Supplementary Laws | 第十二表: 後五表的補充 |
| 1. – Lege autem introducta est pignoris capio, veluti lege XII tab. adversus eum, qui hostiam emisset nec pretium redderet ; item adversus eum, qui mercedem non redderet pro eo iumento, quod quis ideo locasset, ut inde pecuniam acceptam in dapem, id est in sacrificium, impenderet. | 1. – . . . There shall be introduced a seizure of pledge against a person who buys an animal for sacrifice and does not pay the price ; likewise against a person who does not make payment for that animal which anyone lets to him for this purpose, that the lessor may spend money received therefrom on a sacred banquet, that is, on a sacrifice. | 一、對購買牲畜供祭神之用而不付價金，或出租牲畜將租金供祭神之需而租用人不付租金的，則債權人有權對債務人的財產實施扣押。 |
| 2. a. – SI SERVUS FURTUM FAXIT NOXIAMVE NO[X]IT. | 2 a. – If a slave commits a theft or does damage to property . . . . | 二、家屬或奴隸因私犯而造成損害的， |
| 2. b. – Ex maleficiis filiorum familias servorumque – noxales actiones proditae sunt, uti liceret patri dominove aut litis aestimationem sufferre aut noxae dedere – . Constitutae sunt – aut legibus aut edicto praetoris : legibus velut furti lege XII tabularum cet. | 2 b. – From delinquency of children of the household and of slaves . . . actions for damages shall be appointed, that the father or the master may be permitted either to undergo assessment of the claim or to deliver the delinquent for punishment . . . | 家長、家主應負賠償責任，或將其交被害人處理。 |
| 3. – SI VINDICIAM FALSAM TULIT, SI VELIT IS . . . TOR ARBITROS TRIS DATO, EORUM ARBITRIO . . . FRUCTUS DUPLIONE DAMNUM DECIDITO. | 3. – If one has obtained an unjustifiable grant of interim possession and if his adversary wishes . . . the magistrate shall grant three arbiters ; by their arbitration . . . the unjustifiable holder of interim possession shall settle the plaintiff's loss of enjoyment of the thing by paying double damages. | 三、凡以不誠實的方法取得物的占有的，由長官委任仲裁員三人處理之，如占有人敗訴，應返還所得孽息的雙倍 |
| 4. – Rem, de qua controversia est, prohibemur (lege XII tab.) in sacrum dedicare : alioquin dupli poenam patimur, – sed duplum utrum fisco an adversario praestandum sit, nihil exprimitur. | 4. – It is forbidden to dedicate for consecrated use a thing concerning whose ownership there is a controversy ; otherwise a penalty of double the value involved shall be suffered . . . | 四、系爭物不得作爲祭品，違者處該物價款雙倍的罰金． |
| 5. – in XII tabulis legem esse, ut quodcumque postremum populus iussisset, id ius ratumque esset. | 5. – . . . Whatever the people ordain last shall be legally valid. | 五、前後制定的法律有沖突時，後法取消前法。 |
| Fragmenta incertae sedis | Unplaced Fragments | |
| 1. – Nancitor (nanxitor Mueller) in XII nactus erit, prenderit (Fest., F. 166). Fortasse ad XII. 12, 1- respicitur ; nam etiam in foedere Latino est : si quid pignoris nancitur. | 1. – Nancitor (shall obtain) in the Twelve Tables is the same as nactus erit (shall have obtained) or prenderit (shall have seized). | |
| 2. – Quando – in XII – cum c littera ultima scribitur (Fest., F. 258). | 2. – Quando (when, since, et cetera) . . . in the Twelve Tables . . . is written with c as its last letter (quandoc). | |
| 3. – ‘Sub vos placo’ in precibus fere cum dicitur, significat id quod ‘supplico’ (supplicio cod.), ut in legibus ‘transque dato’, ‘endoque (edendoquae cod.) plorato’ (Fest., F. 309). | 3. – When sub vos placo (I beg you) is said almost exclusively in prayers it means that which supplico (I beseech) signifies, as in the laws transque dato (and he shall surrender) and endoque plorato (and he shall shout). | |
| 4. – ‘dolo malo’ – quod – addidit ‘malo’ – ἀρχαισμός est, quia sic in XII tab. a veteribus scriptum est (Donat., ad Ter. Eun., 515 : 3, 3, 9). | 4. – Dolo malo (by malicious deception) : what . . . was added malo (malicious) . . . either is an archaism, because in the Twelve Tables it was written thus by the old writers, or is a constant epithet attached to dolus (deception) . . . | |
| 5. – ab omni iudicio poenaque provocari licere indicant XII tabulae compluribus legibus (Cic., de rep., 2, 31, 54). | 5. – The Twelve Tables indicates in several laws that it is allowed to appeal from any judgment and penalty. | |
| 6. – Nullum – vinculum ad adstringendam fidem iureiurando maiores artius esse voluerunt ; id indicant leges in XII tabulis (Cic., de off., 3, 31, 111). | 6. – The ancestors wished no . . . bond for binding good faith to be firmer than a sworn oath. This the laws in the Twelve Tables indicate. | |
| 7. – XII tabulis ortus – et occasus nominantur (Plin., N.H., 7, 60, 212). | 7. – Eight kinds of penalties are in the laws : fines, shackles, flogging, retaliation in kind, ignominy, exile, death, slavery . . . | |
| 8. – olim aereis tantum nummis utebantur, et erant asses, dupundii, semisses, quadrantes, nec ullus aureus vel argenteus nummus in usu erat, sicuti ex lege XII tab. intellegere possumus (Gaius, 1, 122). | 8. – Formerly they used only bronze coins, and these were asses, double-asses, half-asses, quarter-asses ; nor any gold or silver coin was in use, just as we can understand from the Law of the Twelve Tables. | |
| 9. – Duobus negativis verbis quasi permittit lex (XII tab.) magis quam prohibuit : idque etiam Servius (Sulpicius) animadvertit (Gai., 5 ad XII tab., D., 50, 16, 237). | 9. – By two negative words the law, as it were, permits rather than prohibits . . . | |
| 10. – ‘Detestatum’ est testatione denuntiatum (Gai., 6 ad XII tab., D., 50, 16, 238, 1). | 10. – Detestatum (having renounced under oath) means testatione denuntiatum (having renounced by attestation). | |
| 11. – Per ipsum fere tempus, ut decemviraliter loquar, lex de praescriptione tricennii fuerat ‘proquiritata’ (Sidon. Apoll., Ep., 8, 6, 7). | 11. – During that very time almost, that I may speak like the decemvirs, a law concerning a limitation of thirty years had been promulgated. | |
| 12 a. – Duicensus (twice assessed, doubly assessed) in the Twelve Tables means deuteron apogegrammenos (registered a second time). | ||
| 12 b. – A person was called duicensus (twice assessed, doubly assessed) when he was assessed with another, that is, assessed with his son. | ||
| 13. – Only sunrise and sunset are mentioned in the Twelve Tables ; after several years was added also midday. | ||
| C. G. Bruns, Fontes iuris Romani antiqui, I, Tübingen, 1909, pp. 15-40 | Johnson, Coleman-Norton & Bourne, Ancient Roman Statutes, Austin, 1961, pp. 9-18, n. 8 . | 周枬，安䘗大學學報社會科學版，一九八三年，第三期，頁42-47 (中文百科在線) |
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