800 Charlemagne 查理曼 crowned emperor

850-911 Carolingian 加洛林 Empire distintegrates

880-911 Viking 維京人 raids in Europe

910 Foundation of Cluny

997-1038 St. Stephen 匈牙利第一位國王在馬扎爾民族中推行天主教信仰

1037-1058 Casimir I, duke of Poland 波蘭在神聖羅馬帝國的霸權下

1049-1054 Pope Leo IX 教會的改革運動.

1054 Schism between Roman and Eastern Orthodox Churches 拉丁語教會和希臘語教會分裂

1059 Pope Nicholas II 規定教宗由樞機選舉產生.

1066 William (the Conqueror) 征服英格蘭

1071 Seljuk Turks 塞爾柱突厥人 defeat Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert

1073-1085 papacy of Gregory VII (Hildebrand). The dictatus Papae 教宗訓令 expressed concept of a Papacy constituted along monarchistic and centralized lines: as supreme and absolute ruler of the universal Church the Pope was allowed to remove not ony bishops, but kings, who, as representatives of God, were representatives of the Church.

1074 Lenten Synod: clerical marriage prohibited

1075 Lenten Synod: prohibition of lay investiture 世俗敘任權 initiated struggle with the German monarchy. Beginning of the investiture struggle.

1076 Synod of Worms: Henry IV and the German bishops declared the Pope deposed.

1076 Lenten Synod: deposition and excommunication of the German king by Gregory VII.

1077 Canossa 嘉諾撒: Henry's demonstration of penance forced Pope to lift excommunication.

1080 2nd excommunication of Henry by Gregory. Election of Archbishop Wibert of Ravenna as Anti-Pope. Victory of Lombards over the army of Mathilda.

1084 Imperial coronoation of Henry IV by the Anti-Pope Clemens III.

1077 King Ladislas I of Hungary who unites Croatia with Hungary.

1085 Proclamation of the 'peace of God 上帝的和平' by Henry IV at Mainz.

1086 The Domesday Book 末日審判書, a survey of all the properties of the English realm recorded acc. to their annual yields.

1086 The Salisbury Oath: oath of fealty 宣誓效忠 of subordinate vassals in England, conditional on their liege obligation to the king.

1088 Bologna became center of the teaching of Roman Law.

1088-1099 Conciliatory attitude of Pope Urban II saved work of Gregory VII.

1090-1097 Second Italian campaign of Henry IV. Urban's policies led to establishment of a Lombard League.

1100-1135 Henry I King of England, reunited Normandy and England, defeating William I's son Robert at battle of Tinchebray (1106).

1104 Henry V of Holy Roman Empire defected and placed himself at head of conspiracy of princes which gained approval from the Pope.

1104 Establishment of the archbishopric of Lund, in Denmark.丹麥建立總主教區

1106 Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire forced to abdicate; died at Liege.

1107

1108-1137 Louis VI the Fat, Capetian king of France.

1109 Death of Anselm of Canterbury

1122 Concordat of Worms 沃爾姆斯宗教協定 concluded by Henry V and Pope Calixtus II. Based on distinction between the temporalia (secular estates given as fiefs) and the spiritualia (ecclesiastical authority). 世俗官僚制國家

1137-1180 King of France Louis VII (married to Eleonor of Poitou, heiress of Aquitaine), took part in 2nd Crusade.

1137-1152 Conrad III, Hohenstaufen 霍亨斯陶芬王朝 Holy Roman Emperor.

1140-1173 Vladislav II becomes hereditary king of Bohemia

1142 Death of Peter Abelard, creator of the dialectical method (sic et non).

1144 Consecration of the choir of the Cathedral of St. Denis 哥德式建築.

1151 Death of Abbot Suger, of St. Denis

1152-1190 Frederick I Barbarossa, Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor

1153 Treaty of Constance: Frederick I promised Pope Eugene III assistance against the Romans and Normans.

1154-1155 First Italian campaign of Frederick I Barbarossa; crowned Emperor by Pope hadrian IV 1155

1158-1162 Frederick's second Italian campaign; at the Diet of the Roncalian Fields 1158 Frederick demands return of Imperial estates and rights violated by the now autonomous city states.

1188 Frederick "takes the cross" at the Diet of Worms, that is, set out on crusade.

1153 Henry II becomes King of England

1157-1182 Waldemar I the Great, King of Denmark;

1170 Murder of Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury for resisting King Henry II of England.

1173-1196 King Bela III of Hungary; unites Dalmatia, Croatia and Bisnia with Hungary through conflicts with Byzantium.

1179 3rd Ecumenial Lateran Council concluded that a 2/3 majority of cardinals mandatory for election of a pope.

1189-1199 Richard I the Lion-Heart, King of England.

1190-1197 Henry VI Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor

1191 First Italian campaign--crowned emperor by Pope Celestine

1194-1195 Second Italian campaign - crowned king of Sicily at Palermo 1194.

1194 Beginning of construction of Chartres Cathedral 沙爾德主教座堂

1198 Death of Ibn Rushd (Averroes), who had made known Aristotle's works to the West.

1198-1230 King Ottokar I of Bohemia

1198-1216 Pope Innocent III thought of himself not only as successor of St. Peter, but also as deputy of Christ of God (Vicarius Christi) from whom worldly rulers received their realms as fiefs.

1199-1216 John I King of England; lost territories in France

1209 John excommunicated by Pope Innocent III

1215 the Magna Carta 大憲章

1202-1241 Waldemar II, the Conqueror, King of Denmark; conquers Lauenburg and Norway, Estonia and Courland.

1205-1235 King Andreas II of Hungary.

1222 King Andreas issues the "Golden Bull": the high nobility and clergy granted protection vs confiscation of estates, taxation and arrest; given unrestricted power over the estates of the lower nobility.

1209-1229 The Albigensian Wars 阿爾比派戰爭 in southern France.

1211 Beginning of construction of Reims Cathedral.

1214 Treaty of Metz, Frederick II surrendered German territories east of the Elbe to Waldemar II of Denmark.

1216-1272 Henry III King of England

1259 The Provisions of Oxford: 15 barons to counsel the king and control the administration

1223-1226 King Louis VIII of France; he took Poitou and Saintonge from the English in 1224 and conquered Avignon 阿維尼翁 (1226) and Languedoc.

1226 Golden Bull of Rimini: the Teutonic Knights were instructed by the Holy Roman Emperor to conquer the heathen Prussians 普魯士人.

1226 Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II agrees in the Treaty of San Germano to lead a crusade, and did so in

1227 however turned back from crusade because of an epidemic, and excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX.

1241 Collapse of Hungary under Mongolian assault after defeat at Sajo river.

1241 Mongol invasion of Poland and victory at battle of Liegnitz; but Mongols withdraw afterwards.

1253-1278 King Ottokar II of Bohemia--pinnacle of Bohemian power; obtained Austria, Styria, parts of Clovakia, Carinthia and Carniola as parts of his kingdom; killed in the battle of Marchfeld.

1259 The treaty of Paris, ending the Albigensian 阿爾比派 Wars.

1261 Latin empire 拉丁帝國 collapses at Constantinople; Byzantine rule restored.

1270 Saint Louis dies crusading in Tunis.